![]() ![]() Examples include instruments at the ESRF (Carpentier et al., 2007 Royant et al., 2007 Davies et al., 2009 ), APS (Pearson et al., 2007 ), NSLS (Stoner-Ma et al., 2011 Orville et al., 2011 ), DLS (Allan et al., 2013 ), SPring-8 (Sakai et al., 2002 Shimizu et al., 2013 ) and SLS (Owen et al., 2009 Pompidor et al., 2013 ). Since its first introduction in the 1970s (Rossi & Bernhard, 1970 ) it has come a long way, and today is implemented in several experimental endstations of macromolecular crystallography beamlines at storage rings around the globe, allowing a larger community of structural biologists to benefit from the opportunities provided by this complementary method. ![]() In situ micro-spectrophotometry is a highly effective way to obtain such complementary information about the chemical identity of cofactors, the electronic state of metal centers or about specific radiation-induced chemistry. This is especially true in the fields of enzyme kinetics and protein function, ligand-binding modes or redox states of metal centres. The structural information provided by electron-density maps obtained from diffraction experiments often does not provide sufficient insight to answer the point of interest conclusively. Complementary biophysical techniques are a powerful tool to complete and enhance structural information obtained by macromolecular crystallography (MX). ![]()
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